Question 1 At the end of the first stage of planet formation, the Solar System was made up of hydrogen and helium gas and millions of ________. Select one: a. moons b. planets c. planetesimals d. stars Question 2 Which Solar System bodies were flung by the the larger gas planets out towards the Oort Cloud? Select one: a. Asteroids b. Comets c. Dwarf planets d. Meteors Question 3 Compare and contrast the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt. What do they consist of, and where are they located? What are some of their similarities? What are some of their differences? Answer in your own words in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 4 Select and describe 3-4 "exceptions to the rule" in the Solar System. Why are they exceptions? How do they differ from the typical behavior of objects in the Solar System? Then discuss what we can learn about the formation and evolution of the Solar System and planets via these exceptions. Write the entire essay in your own words. NOTE: This is an extended essay question worth 40 points. Your response should be formatted as a multi-paragraph essay with attention to essay structure, grammar mechanics, and APA formatting. Please include an introduction, a conclusion, and 3-4 body paragraphs. Include in-text citations and references. At least two of your references should come from the lesson materials. Question 5 Approximately how far away from the Sun did metal condense into solid form during planet formation? Select one: a. 1 AU b. 5 AU c. 15 AU d. 20 AU Question 6 During which step of the Solar System's formation did collisions between clumps of material in highly elliptical orbits result in lower eccentricities, making the orbits more circular? Select one: a. Condensation b. Flattening c. Heating d. Spinning Question 7 Recall the videos you watched in Multimedia 2.1 and Multimedia 2.2 regarding the solar nebula theory and the formation of the Solar System. Which of these videos was most useful for you, and why? What concepts or ideas did your selected video clarify for you? Be specific, and answer in your own words in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 8 The chemical compositions of objects in the Solar System offer important clues about the processes by which the Solar System formed and evolved. In your own words, describe two chemical composition-related clues that help elucidate how the Solar System and the objects within it formed. Answer in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 9 Between which two present-day planetary objects does the frost line lie? Select one: a. Between Earth and Mars b. Between Mars and Jupiter c. Between Neptune and Pluto d. Between the Sun and Mercury Question 10 Most of the nebular cloud formed into what object(s) in our Solar System? Select one: a. Comets b. Kuiper Belt objects c. The Sun d. The terrestrial planets Question 11 Explain how the observation/study of other planetary systems helps elucidate the processes by which our own Solar System formed and evolved. Answer in your own words in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 12 What is the eccentricity of the planetary orbits? Select one: a. Between 1 and 2 b. Between 2 and 3 c. Close to zero d. Greater than 5 Question 13 In your own words, explain how astronomers use information about the motions of objects in the Solar System to help piece together how the Solar System formed and evolved. Include 2-3 specific examples to help convey/support your main ideas. Answer in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 14 First, list the Jovian planets. Next, describe the general process by which all of the Jovian planets formed. Finally, select any one of the Jovian planets and describe the specific processes by which it formed and evolved. That is, what are this planet's unique characteristics, and how are they explained by the planet's formation process? Answer in your own words in ~2 paragraphs. Question 15 In your own words, explain the role that temperature played in the development of the distinct properties and characteristics of the eight planets in our Solar System. Support your ideas with at least two specific examples. Answer in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 16 Why are astronomers confident of the solar nebula theory? Select one: a. Astronomers have been unable to come up with any other theories. b. Astronomers have found meteorite pieces on Earth that do not refute the theory. c. Astronomers have located similar disks of matter around other stars. d. Astronomers have used computer models to prove the theory is correct. Question 17 As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster due to _____ Select one: a. conservation of angular momentum b. conservation of energy c. gravity d. nucleosynthesis Question 18 Which planet(s) has/have rings? Select one: a. Only Pluto b. Only Saturn c. Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus d. Saturn and Neptune Question 19 Describe the multi-step process by which the Solar System formed. How is this process still evident in the behavior/characteristics of objects in the Solar System? Answer in your own words in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 20 In the leading theory of planet formation, which statement is correct? Select one: a. Planet-forming materials were created as material condensed out from the solar nebula. b. Planetary differentiation led to the formation of planetesimals. c. The planets formed before the protosun. d. The planets were ejected from the protosun following a violent encounter with another star. Question 21 Compare the Sun to the rest of the objects in the Solar System: (a) How does the Sun differ from the other objects in the Solar System? (b) What object or objects in the Solar System is/are most similar to the Sun, and in what ways? Be specific, and answer in your own words in 1-2 paragraphs. Question 22 Which statement about Solar System densities is correct? Select one: a. All of the planets have approximately the same density. b. Asteroids all have about the same density. c. Denser planets lie closer to the sun. d. In differentiated bodies, denser material is located close to the surface. Question 23 Which of the following planet-forming materials has the highest condensation temperature? Select one: a. Ammonia b. Metal oxides c. Silicate minerals d. Water Question 24 Which lies farthest away from the Sun? Select one: a. Kuiper Belt b. Neptune c. Oort Cloud d. Pluto Question 25 Which of these planets is considered a "gas giant"? Select one: a. Mercury b. Pluto c. Uranus d. Venus