I. TRUE OR FALSE 1. Most known cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm , ribosomes, DNA, mitochondria and metabolism 2. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies attack acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle membrane and can be treated with peripherally- acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 3. Hyaline cartilage is found in larynx , epiphyseal plate , epiglottis, embryonic skeleton, nasal septum , costal cartilages and articular surface of bone 4. The 4 main tissue types are epithelial, bone , nerve and muscle 5. Cardiac muscle fibers are around 100-200um um long, branch, and can have one to two nuclei. 6. Your wrist is distal to your elbow and proximal to your fingers 7. The osteon is the amazing structural and functional unit of compact bone. 8. The central canal of osteon of bone contains a capillary, venule, and nerve but probably no lymphatic vessels 9. Fibroblasts make extracellular collagen, elastic fibers and reticular fibers and a protein/carbohydrate ground substance 10. The human body may have over 900 trillion cells of which over 100 trillion are its own-according my lecture-this is not accepted by all anatomists 11. Simple squamous epithelium lines the 60,000-100,000 miles of circulatory system. 12. Endochondral bone formation occurs in the embryonic hyaline cartilage skeleton through ossification centers 13. Areolar connective tissue is found in the reticular layer of dermis ,the hypodermis and around capillaries 14. Skeletal muscle fibers have gap junctions, are usually highly multinucleate and can be more than 10 inches long. 15. Psoriasis is due to excessive divisions of stratum lucidum and is most likely an autoimmune disease 16. Slow glycolytic fibers are stronger than other types of fibers and usually decrease with age 17. A midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left regions 18. Man has about 2-3 million apocrine sweat glands which are mainly thermoregulatory 19. Eccrine sweat glands are multicellular and located in axillary and inguinal regions and number in the thousands 20. Cancer of epithelial cells is called a sarcoma and of connective tissue a carcinoma 21. Meissner ‘s corpuscles are found in the reticular layer of dermis and respond to touch 22. Scabies is an infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabeii of the epidermis mostly 23. Cerumen is produced by modified sweat glands in ear canal and is antibacterial and antifungal 24. ATP, acetylcholine, calcium, creatine phosphate , myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, myomesin ,calmodulin, are involved in contraction of skeletal muscles 25 Walter B. Cannon , Havard physiologist, coined the term homeostasis in the 20th century, although the general concept was proposed by Claude Bernard in the 19th century 26. Dense irregular and regular connective tissue is found in the capsules of some organs 27. Simple columnar epithelium lines the esophagus, stomach and small and large intestine. 28. Parathyroid hormone increases osteoclast activity and also increases calcium reabsorption by kidneys 29. Calcium binds to troponin, initiating cardiac and smooth muscle contraction 30. The sarcomere of cardiac muscle has both an M line and two z discs, one triad is is larger than that of skeletal muscle 31. A coronal plane divides body into dorsal and ventral regions 32. Apoptosis is programmed cell death with no inflammation and common in the body as a protective mechanism as well as a major process of embryogenesis. 33. Adipose tissue has stem cells and produces hormones like leptin and adiponectin and resistan 34. Osteopetrosis is a poorly understood disease that involve an increase in the calcium content of bone- may be the result of decreased osteolastic activity 35. The plasma membrane is usually about 8-10um thick in most cells. 36. Nervous tissues is the fast controller of homeostasis and the endocrine the slow controller -300 miles an hour verses minutes to hours 37. The brain and spinal cord are in the ventral body cavity 38. Smooth muscle does have sarcomeres and z discs, but does not have dense bodies. 39. Trichinosis results in larval nematodes invading mostly skeletal muscle cells after eating infected undercooked pork. 40. During the relative refractory period the muscle membrane may be depolarizing or repolarizing 41 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes proteins and lipids for plasma membrane 42. The epidermis of the skin is derived from the same germ line as the nervous system, the ectoderm 43. White hair is the result of air in the medulla and loss of melanin 44. Examples of negative feedback include child birth, blood clotting and the action potential. 45. Second degree burns involve the dermis and can cause blistering and pain 46. Merkel cell carcinoma is more common than melanoma 47 The symphysis pubis is made of elastic cartilage 48. Examples of positive feedback include breathing, blood pressure and body core temperature 49.Most mitochondrial diseases are inherited from mother 50. Mitochondria produce almost of the cell’s ATP , require oxygen, produce free radicals and can initiate apoptosis. 51.The rough endoplasmic reticulum of liver detoxifies many substances and makes them more soluble for removal through the kidneys 52.Direct active transport does not require ATP. 53. The 4 phases of mitosis in order are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and, telophase, with the fastest being anaphase. 54. The cohesions are destroyed by separases in metaphase/anaphase of mitosis 56. Proteasomes are circulating enzymes that attack multiple-ubiquitin- tagged proteins in cell as part of cell recycling 57 Ceruminous glands produce lipids that help prevent drying of hair and are also antibacterial 58. Basal cell carcinoma \ is the most common type of skin cancer and the least likely to metastasize 59. The epiglottis contains hyaline cartilage and protects the lower respiratory tract form aspiration 60. Cells can be many feet long and some can weight in the pounds, although most are microscopic. 61. Decubitus ulcers often occur over bone projections , but are of minor importance in the confined elderly 62. Transfer RNAs bring the peptides to the ribosome for assembly 63. About 50 lysosomal diseases are known, including Tay Sach’s , and are often fatal 64. The saddle joint is an ellipsoidal synovial joint-carpometacarpal, that we inherited from our cattarhine money ancestors and may have played a major role in development of the human brain and civilization. 65 The liver, bladder , lungs and kidneys are located in the ventral body cavity, but only the kidneys are retroperitoneal 66 Concentric contraction involve a change in length, while eccentric do not 67 A major demarcation from homeostasis usually results in disease 68. Melanomas are much more likely than basal or squamous cell skin cancer to undergo metastasis.69. Ewing’s sarcoma is more common in the young than older adults 70. Decrease sunlight , lack of exercise and low calcium diet can contribute to osteoporosis, especially in the elderly. 71. Although many connective tissues are composed of 3 types of fibers the most common and strongest is the collagen family. 72. Fast oxidative fibers are the most common in the weight lifters. 73 The sphenoid, malleus, scaphoid, stapes, ethmoid, incus, pisiform ,ethmoid ,vomer and hyoid are in the axial skeleton 74. Psoriasis, decubitus ulcers, actinic keratosis, lupus, scabies, herpes I , pediculosis, measles and small pox all effect the skin 75. Skin cells go from the stratum granulosum to the outer stratum corneum in about 30-40 days 76. Perimysium covers the whole muscle, endomysium individual cells 77. Action potentials rage from about 2-300 miles per hour, the fastest are in type A axons 78. Scoliosis is an exaggerated lateral curvature of spine that is always abnormal 79. Rigor mortis is the result of a lack of ATP for both muscle relaxation and the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and peaks at about 12 hours after death. 80. Creatine phosphate and ATP only supply about 20-30 seconds of energy for smooth muscle cells. II. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The following is true of most animal cells a .They have a plasma membrane ,cytoplasm , ribosomes, mitochondria RNA and DNA b. They have cytoplasm and DNA , RNA nucleus, proteasomes , lysosomes and a cytoskeleton c. They have DNA and RNA , microtubules, cytoplasm , ribosomes , and a plasma membrane and nucleus d. All of the above 2. Adipose connective tissue can have all of the following a. Fibers, matrix, cells, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, laminins b. Fibroblasts, hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibronectin, spectrin. c. Fibroblasts, reticular fibers, alpha actinin, dermatan sulfate d Triglyerides, and leptin 3.The following are ways that substances can get out of plasma membranes of eukaryotes a Simple diffusion b. Pinocytosis c. Phagocytosis d. All of the above 4. The following best describes which glands, only: multicellular glands of the body that produces mucin and are found in mucus membranes a. Goblet cells b. Eccrine sweat glands c Apocrine sweat glands d. Mucous glands in intestine 5. The following are parts of cardiac muscle a. Dense bodies, sarcolemma, T Tubule b Z discs, myomesin and heparin c Sarcolemma, calcium channels, gap junctions. d. b and c 6. Tight junctions main function is a. Allow passage of ions between cells b. Prevent separating of cells c. Allow passage of proteins between cells. d. Prevent passage of substance between cells 7. Hyaline cartilage is found in the adult in a. The intervertebral joints b. Menisci of knee c. Epiphyseal plate d. b and c 8. The following is true of fibrocartilage a. It is less common than hyaline b. Has no fibers c. Can have capillaries d. All of the above 9. The fo