Project Summary: In APA format, using a minimum of 7 peer-reviewed journal articles as references, please answer the following questions: 1- When parental involvement is concerned on the part of males, how does certainty regarding paternity influence behavior, investment, and involvement with offspring? 2- Why do parents tend to have a deeper concern regarding the sexual behavior of daughters as opposed to sons, and how does this tendency influence gender roles from a cross-cultural perspective? 3- How does evolutionary psychology view parenting in terms of adoption or in terms of step-parenthood?